Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Effecitve Risk Management in Softwatre Development Utilizing Different Dissertation

Effecitve Risk Management in Softwatre Development Utilizing Different Methodologies - Dissertation Example Risks exist throughout the lifecycle, as it can be seen, some risks on budgeting, scheduling or others might be the reason for failure in project management. Unfortunate, there only 30% of the investigated projects were applying risk analysis and monitoring in their projects. It is easily assumed that ineffective risk management, or even lack of risk identification, risk analysis and risk mitigation in project life-cycle are the rational reason for being failure ((Baccarini; Salm and Love, 2004). Thus, an efficient risk management process for the project becomes more and more essential. 1.1.1 Background and Research scope Risk is usually defined to be a possibility which is predictable and avoidable (Boehm, 1989; Charette, 1989). Royer (2002) presents that each organization is supposed to set up their own risk categories checklist according to the different needs and requirement. Generally, risk management process, accorded to the PMBOK and CMMI principles, is identifying, analysing, monitoring and controlling. In different types of software projects, the ability for mitigating risks might be different because a wide range of methodologies contribute to developing software project such as waterfall model, agile methodologies, spiral model, and V model. Meanwhile, the procedure of risk management can be different as well. In this research, effective risk management will be presented along with diversified development models which are used widely nowadays. Regardless of different categories of projects, this research is focus on the most common risks in software project, by discussing on the ability of mitigation of risks and the process of risk management in three types of methodologies, exploring the effectiveness in managing the same kinds of risks in the development life-cycle. 1.1.2 Hypothesis and Objectives The hypothesis of this research is illustrated as that Waterfall is more effective in planning risk management and Agile methodologies tend to be more e fficient in mitigating and monitoring risks because of its flexibility. In order to prove the hypothesis mentioned above, the objectives is designed as follows: 1. Reviewing literature to identify the process of risk management in general software projects. 2. Reviewing literature to identify the typical types of risk in software development projects. 3. Reviewing literature to investigate the functionality of waterfall model in risk management 4. Reviewing literature to investigate the framework of Agile methodologies in risk management 5. To reveal the influences of the typical types of risks by interview 6. To outline the process of risk management in the authentic project risk management 7. To compare the effectiveness of different methodologies in risk management based on the process and managing typical types of risks. 8. By comparing the successful and unsuccessful project utilizing the same development method, discover the advantage and disadvantage of the method. 9. By comp aring the successful project utilizing different approaches, discovering the effectiveness in risk management of the methodologies. 1.2 Research Method A mixed-method research study takes advantage of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research techniques. In particular, in a purely qualitative study, it is difficult to have a large sample size, as

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Performance Management System in British Airways

Performance Management System in British Airways Abstract As a company develops and takes on additional employees, the management of that company becomes a great concern. Different companies have currently started systems of performance management; as getting requiring aims has meant improving cultures of performance management across companies. In this paper we will discuss about the performance management style in British Air line. We will define Performance management in British Airline as an integrated and strategic style to presenting sustained achievement to corporation, in this situation BA, with developing the performance of the staffs through improving the abilities of team and individual participators. We will describe that system of a performance management sets out to make aim and objectives of BA to assure that BA is successful and staffs perform to the maximum probable standard. This research will also recognise any complications with BA in the type of developed performance. It is compulsory to make whether systems of performa nce management will enhance BA because they influence every person in the corporation. Performance Management System in British Airways Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Back Ground Management of performance, as relating to human resource management (HRM), is the system of presenting continued achievement to companies through developing abilities of staffs. It encourages the philosophical value that staffs are not capital presenter of companies with an aggressive benefit (Stankard, 2002). Management of performance demonstrates different confrontations in terms of logical implementation. Earlier researches have greatly failed to control different organizational constraints on its excellent execution. Overwhelming obstacles to modification is particularly compulsory presented their close connection to the achievement of the psychological agreement and concerned systems of HRM. The psychological agreement construct comprises of the presence of a soft group of anticipations held through the staff, which have to be managed. Within the connection demonstrated through these constructs, the employer and the staff inform, discuss, observe and then re-negotiate the relati onship of employment. In current management, different corporations focus the significance of performance management. Why is performance management so essential to organizations? Is performance management a compulsory exercise to corporations? Performance management is a method to management, which staffs and managers are unified to achieve aims of corporations (Locke, 1997). Aims are described, and results are then recognised to obtain the aims, which were apparently described. Promises of managers and staffs are achieved, to obtain the recognised results, and results are observed. In fact, performance management is a continuing method that continually calculated, observed and managed the general performance in a corporation (Stankard, 2002). Performance management has become gradually more essential from the generally extensively applied performance appraisal system to an incorporated and continues method of these days. Performance management in current human resources (HR) exercise is no longer depends on the value rating form as the individual measurement. Performance management describes aims, and recognised results to obtain aims. Staffs and managers are dedicated to obtain the recognised results, and observe results. Studies confirm that organizations that applied performance management fares excellent in terms of non-fiscal and monetary features than those corporations that do not exercise performance management. Therefore, the recognition of performance management and its styles for current corporations is compulsory in deciding and guaranteeing its aggressive benefit in the ever-modifying environment of business (Locke, 1997). Style of Performance management in British Airline is incorporated into corporation at various positions, to achieve the broader concerns of corporation where as simultaneously obtaining the similar aims (Irwin, 2002). Dissimilar standards of incorporation which performance management focuses to achieve are; vertical incorporation which connect the business, objectives of individual and team, functional incorporation which connect various parts of BA, integration of HR which connects development of business, development of HR and reward in order to obtain a coherent manner to controlling staffs and lastly the incorporation of individual requirements with BA to make the excellent performance. Systems of performance management focus to make a shared consideration about what is to be obtained in the BA (Linda, 2002). 1.2 Introduction This world is modifying. Both organizations and people currently compete in an international place of market. Consumers desire quality services and goods at aggressive prices. If the produce of a company cannot struggle, it will have not market. But this is main issue that as a corporation how to develop productivities and struggle with other corporations? Human resource management (HRM) must be utilised (Linda, 2002). HRM present to the practices and strategies required to carry out the individuals, or personal, features of a management level, containing recruiting, training, appraising and rewarding. As the compulsory section in HRM, performance management should be focused. Performance management is applying through nations such GDP, people and corporations. Performance management is about to achieve the excellent performance from people, but goes further in that it also focuses to achieve the excellent performance from the corporation and from the people as a whole. Performance management derives from the approach of management for human resource as an integrated and strategic method to the management and improvement of staffs. The method of evaluating, identifying and improving the performance of work for staffs in the corporation, so that the objectives and aims of corporation are additional successfully obtained, as at the similar time profiting staffs in terms of identification, getting response, catering for work requirements and giving support of profession (Alfred, 1970). Through process of performance management, strengths and talent of staffs, with areas, which need developments, are apparently recognised. This will make sure that staffs are ready for development of career (Stankard, 2002). Planning of Performance is the early phase for Process of Performance Management, manager are connected setting of goal and defining the job. Description for responsibility of job for all positions of employees is recognised throughout this early phase. Therefore, staffs are cleared of their aim and they have an excellent consideration about the direction of the corporation. The great participation and involvement of staffs, levels of performance are then recognised. Therefore, both the staffs and managers are capable to make the aims through presenting the plan and the exact aims (Irwin, 2002). Once strategy and aims are made, feedback and observation are carried out to make sure the success of staffs in obtaining expectations of performance (Campbell, 1973). The presentations of staffs are assessed and recorded. Bosses will then present response and compulsory training to staffs. The communication will be two-way and continuing. Expectation of job will be assessed and modified if compulsory. If hopes are completed, staffs must achieve identification and be supported. If performance falls short of anticipation, staffs shall be directed to support effectual approach to develop about obtaining specified aims. 1.3 British Airline British Airways is the biggest international passenger airline in the world. The important performance of British Airways and its subsidiary undertakings are the action of domestic and international charter and scheduled air services for the presence of travellers, mail and freight and the delivery of supplementary services. British Airways, which originated as Aircraft Transport and Travel, began its maiden every day international scheduled air services between Paris and London after World War 1 (Irwin, 2002). In 1939, government of UK combined Imperial Airways and British Airways to make British Overseas Airways, which became a government possessed corporation. Major operation of BOAC was services of long haul and British European Airways was initiatives to serve domestic, continental and market of Europe (Stankard, 2002). In 1976, British Airways began its first supersonic traveller service jointly with Air France. British Airways was privatised in 1987 and was merged with British Caledonian. In 2002, British Airways Citi Express was shaped through integration Bryman Airways and British Regional Airlines, which were entirely possessed subsidiaries. The Airline had 373 aircraft in operation as of September 30, 2001 (Irwin, 2002). In UK, the Airline presents most of the working services it needs for the managing of cargo and passengers. At international airports, apart from JFK, the subcontracts of Airline facility of the majority of its ground handling requirements. Ramp, runway and facilities of terminal are presented through operators of airport that charge airlines for implement of these services, mainly through charges of parking and landing. Facilities of navigation are presented to aircraft through countries through whose territory they fly or through international regions like Euro control. Duti es of navigation are normally based on space flown and load of aircraft. 1.4 Research Aim This research observes the system of performance management, which has become part for human resources of British airways. It defines the method related and the various kinds of performance management. 1.5 Research Objectives This is the major objective of this research to points out the requirement for rules and directions to govern performance management in British Airways because of modifications that have taken place in the company in current years. In the method of implementing and designing a latest style of performance management, the managers should play a task in the process of design, in educating staffs about the significance of the style, in deciding on fiscal and non-fiscal actions of performance. One more purpose of this paper is to identify the idea of performance appraisal and also observe the normal performance observing and mechanism of assessment in BA. To determine the various systems of performance management applied through the British Airways To investigate the perceptions of the employees of British Airways on the various systems of performance management applied to calculate their performance To study how the staffs of British Airline perceive the effects of performance management on their own performance To analyse the way by which the British Airlines employees are approaching the results of their performance management 1.6 Research Questions What is a Performance Management? What Are The Components of A Performance Management System? What Is Performance Appraisal? What kind of Performance management in BA? What is the roll of Performance Management in BA? What is the consequence of performance management in BA? Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This part presents an assessment on current literature on concerned issues which makes the beginning source for the research. The literature review is separated into two groups where the first lives on relating of literatures on the issue of performance. In the same time the second group concentrates on the composed scorecard with its account and improvements observed (Marr, 2004). The features, customization and implementation of the scorecard are also discovered to confirm its significance in the situation of British airlines. The literature review also demonstrates the important success aspects and decides the main criteria of performance management for British Airways (Linda, 2002). Carter McNamara, (1997) defined that Performance management is a comprehensive method which highlight on the general association presentation to the companies and at the level of staffs. It furthermore leans to aim on the method to supply a goods or services in the company. Before that Alfred D. chandler, (1970) suggested the shift of Performance Management from structure of association to the workers for accomplishing excellent performance. Gary Cokins, (2008) characterised the multi-dimensional structure of association in order to performance management. Our reason of composing this item is to recount the connection between staffs performance management to accomplish its strategic aims. Employees Performance Management is a comprehensive method, which is founded on the workforce performance and the completion of organizational aims at all positions. The rudimentary beliefs behind the performance management is to evolving the position between the objectives of company, with the abilities and capabilities of staffs, furthermore it focus on the improvement and enhancement of the general method. Individuals mainly misperceive the performance management to the appraisal of performance; in genuine performance appraisal is assessing the past performance whereas performance management is a continuing method to assessing the completion of aims. Alan Nankervis, (2004) while managing his study in a British organisation discovers that there are some associations which distributed their objectives of corporations with their staffs. Different companies use the performance appraisal as in evaluation to the performance management in which the aim is made on the evaluation between t he performance measures being created through the company and the genuine performance of the workers while no one really contrasts the presentation contrary to the objectives of company (Glendinning, 2002). Performance management is the genuine topic as we work in the corporation for value command, in Quality founded association the target of the presentation is created on the accomplishment or fulfilment of the aims other than made standards. No question in performance management which is really the sub part of value command having different measures of performance but these presentation measures are very much associated with the objectives of companies (Stankard, 2002). 2.2 Shift from Performance Appraisal to Performance management Different researchers have been made in the performance appraisal but regrettably it did not present any acceptable outcomes as Thomas B. Wilson, (1994) tends to recount the performance appraisal as it did no work for the workers with on for the association except evolving the expiation or dissatisfaction. In the same way Wendy K. Soo Hoo, (2004) resolved two of his studies that 90% of the workers discovered the presentation appraisal as an unsuccessful. The causes he deduced from his study are like the Managers bypass presenting dependable critiques because they dont desire any clash. Normally managers fear the appraisal method as much as workers manage, so they delay and dont arrange sufficiently. Staffs can be disheartened through rankings and data from the study demonstrated that 80% of persons observe themselves in the top 25% of all performers. So 55% will be actually disheartened through dependable response about where they stand (Hal, 2008). We came to understand from all overhead consideration that appraisal of performance is not managing certain thing additional for the association and the association bestowed workers founded on the appraisal incapable to achieve the needed outcome. Reward does not modify the presentation of persons who perform solely for prize (Linda, 2002). Excellent remuneration scheme cannot ever be an excellent choice for the association for accomplishing its aims. On the contradict part it can discourage the workers due to inadequate circulation of pays on the cornerstone of performance appraisal (Marr, 2004). On the entire penalties of performance appraisal can guide lead to the down turn of general presentation of the company. On the opposite edge, Performance management of the workers is the plan which endow the companies to accomplish their aims through using the completely ability grade of their staffs. It starts when a worker connects the company and finishes when he departs his company (Glendinning, 2002). Glendinning, (2002) propose that performance management is the strategy which is presumed to be the requirement of the hour for and a replacement of early performance appraisal method. He farther contended that a corporation without a performance administration strategy has no dream for its future. Linda Gravette, (2006) with her study resolved that workers should be well renowned with the performance management strategy, used in the company and there must be a consideration with the workers about the extent and the assessment they are utilising for the evaluation of performance. 2.3 Role and Significance of Productive Performance Management System Modifying individual worker demeanour depends at the heart of organizational change plans. This is because they disregard or disturb made modification psychology values. Senior management can suppose that because they are prepared to pro-actively adopts modification; their workers will be identically pro-active. Though, enforcing activity on workers who are not arranged outcomes in clash (Glendinning, 2002). Usually, only 20 per cent of workers in companies are arranged to take affirmative activity in answer to initiatives of change. More than 70 per cent of latest strategic plans go incorrect for this reason. Therefore, to be thriving in forming demeanour, performance management strategy should accomplish acceptance through those being managed (Kaplan and Norton, 2000). Latest companies require replying additional competently to altering external and interior situations, and organizational discovering has become a significant strategic concentration (Marr, 2004). With expecting and answering to alterations in the natural environment through positive discovering involvements, different companies are developing into discovering companies. However, the inquiry of how to best change approaches through organizational discovering and improvements remain (Latham and Wexley, 1981). Actually, numerous change plans go incorrect because either organizational heritage is not prepared to modify at that period, or because they manage not foresee the influence of change on systems of human. Actions in the last cited class normally outcome in opposition and finally malfunction of the initiative of change. As cited earlier, one procedure that companies can apply to sway competencies of worker in a kind order with the change of company is to evolve robust performance management methods (Bank, 2007). 2.4 Necessary components of performance management System Andrà © A. de Waal; Vincent Coevert (2007), undertook a study for understanding the result on the output of the freshly applied performance management strategy in two public and personal banks. Outcomes of the study was that in personal part it made an important enhancement as in public part it did not play any important role. The cause behind this division of outcome was operation of the scheme in both of the banks and the philosophy of management. In management of public bank did not hassle sufficient for the implementation of the freshly evolved scheme as in personal bank the management endeavoured to apply it with its genuine soul (Kurtzman, 1993). So it is the management firm promise in the direction of the implementation that how pledged the managers is in order to performance management. Performance management and getting the needed demeanour is one of the centre matters which most of the association falls short to investigate in alignment to accomplish the needed aims (Glendinning, 2002). Demeanour of company must be evolved amidst the individual in a style which is presentation oriented and demeanour must be investigate and then changed to evolve the needed approach. The achievement of the plan is connected with anticipations of staffs if the workers anticipations fulfil with the plan of appraisal, then there affirmative connection and vice versa. The other thing which should be kept in mind while evolving the aims that it must be in accord with the workers and association ability. Person must be responsible in encouraging of a performance management strategy which really encourages the culture of value. Defining the identical things through Nonna Turusbekova (2007), recounts the requirement of the value management plan in the company to achieve yearning manners of employees because employees generally breaches the directions and detract the value methods. The rudimentary reason of performance management strategy is to conceiving the position in between the association aims and its sub strategy to accomplish the association aims, Carter McNamara, (2008). In modern company must be a balanced performance management strategy to accomplish the companies aims. With strategically utilising the performance management strategy companies can evolve its presentation measures, can evolve the assessment and then accounts the result for farther enhancement and in this a relentless method hold running. In TQM methods Performance management strategy play a significant function for evolving with assessing and accomplishing the aims. The improvements like metrics, catalogues must be agreed with the plan in the value method to the companies. A balance performance management strategy initiative was taken by Kaplan; Norton, (1992) to accomplish the dream of company strategically. Balance score business card concentrating on the four enterprise potential i .e. economic, clientele approval, enterprise method and the company discovering and modern culture (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). A review resolute that the businesses apply a mean of 13 management devices at the business position. These devices are proposed to assist assess or supervise the presentation of an association, and inside this the most well liked performance associated device was the Balanced Scorecard. In the nonattendance of a rudimentary strategic situation, managers discovered it complicated to acquiesce on a befitting set of assesses of organizational performance (Ambrose Runyard, 1992). Balance scorecard is the stage for assessing the association presentation having cooperating with economic and non- fiscal facets of business (Federal regulations, 2001). 2.5 British Airways British Airways has started a balanced sequence of non-fiscal and fiscal symbols of performance to increase its position of performance management. These are the key performance indicators (KPI) of British Airways: 2.5.1 Economic For the future of British Airways and to return their shareholders, BA has to keep a stable and powerful monetary performance. 2.5.2. Operation Margin That is the working income separated through income, which is demonstrated as a percentage is a compulsory style of measuring the monetary performance. BA has set an aim of getting 10% of working margin gradually in the coming monetary years. BA has obtained their aim of 10% working margin in 2007/08. Despite of different financial situations and increasing costs of fuel in the latter six months, business plan of BA has supported to obtain the set aim for the year 2007/08. 2.5.3 Customers Word of mouth is a significant feature for the achievement of the BA. To have an excellent recognition of the consumers, BA has an important operative method in position. This is an on-board review which is performed through a free market research corporation. Monthly about 55,000 passengers are reviewed about all features of their knowledge of flight with BA. The review supports to calculate the percentage of passengers who are going to suggest BA to others (Bank, 2007). This review supports to assess the situation to which passenger knowledge can influence the income of the corporation in future. BA has focused an aim of 63% passengers to be in the group of exceptionally likely or precise likely. BP10 plan of BA has attempted to redefine the capacity made to the passengers under the caption BA Basics and Brilliance. BA has obtained 59% in the passengers proposal measure. In 2007/08 BA had a reduction of 2% as contrasted to the last year which was attributed to the deprived performa nce at Heathrow? British Airways is focusing on developing their products of on-board and also on ground passenger service. BA is financing on presenting excellent facilities to the passengers through attempting to raise the sign of passenger suggestion. Performance of BA on this sign was 61% in 2006/07 and 59% in 2007/08. 2.5.4 Operations BA has to perform its performance dynamically if they have to please anticipations of passengers and also to operate the company, cost successfully. Heathrow being at the centre for operations of BA with its organization restrictions had an important strain on performing the actions keeping excellent quality, continually. Business strategy of BA has focused on five important fields of working performance. In these five, keeping time in departure is the compulsory measure of working performance. Timekeeping supports in the smooth working of the rest of working method and is an important aspect in affecting decision of passenger in proposing BA to others. This aspect is calculated through measuring how different flights of BA are all set to depart 3 minutes before to the planned time (Bank, 2007). 2.5.5 Employees One of the important features which affect the performance of BA is involvement of its staffs. They must be inspired, dedicated to the aim, values and aims of the BA and must be prepare for the modification and to serve the passengers. In 2006/07 BA has system of Index for Employee Involvement, which is focused through all staff speak up. The goal of the review is to focus and match the scores of other important companies in airline sector and BA has set an aim target of 73% in 2007/08. They obtained 65% which 5% less than the performance of last year. Plan of BA concentrates at financing in the growth of abilities of the staffs, through presenting proper educating and allowing them to be capable to do the job positively. 2.5.6 Performance Performance is described as the process or action of performing. One more description of the word demonstrates the abilities of a product or machine. Lebas (1995) demonstrates performance as the future possibility to perform especial activities to effectively obtain set aims within the presented time structure and restrictions of the actor and the condition. Performance in one situation can bring an entirely dissimilar definition when applied in a disparate situation. For instance, performance in an environment of computer system can mean the efficiency and effectiveness of the tools applied in efforts of telecommunication. Performance in a deal of business can explain to finish and present charges that have been approved upon based on a written agreement between the purchaser and seller (Hope, 2003). Conversely, performance can be described as the real outcomes obtained contrasted to outcomes that were anticipated or wished. The variations in real outcomes contrasted to what was anticipated is identified a gap of performance. Therefore improvement of performance is required to narrow the gaps, if any there (Ittner and Larcker, 1998). Performance must be about acquiring or achieving aims that has been focused earlier to operating the act or work. Performance is the time test of any plan. If the proper amount of attempt is presented to achieve anticipated presentation, quality is obtainable. Additionally, the description of performance very much relies on the condition and restricts also who holds the making of decision with concerns to the performance obtained (Hope, 2003). 2.6 Performance Measurement (PM) PM can be demonstrated as a method of reviewing the accomplishments of a person, group or even a company with regards to achieving focused aims through statistical proof which can come in the style of monetary data, share of market, or even the assets one has. According to the research, the leadership of a company plays a vital task in deciding the success and future of the corporation (Armstrong, 2001). In spite of concentrating on numerical values like enhancing production, the higher management of companies must play duty of prioritizing current assets of the corporation like nurturing and appreciating the contributions of employees in terms of the views they present, servicing and acknowledging the requirements of consumers as developing on what the company does best in spite of venturing too much into latest areas that do not assure achievement (Cooper, 1989). PM was normally connected to obtaining positive monetary outcomes where metrics created for calculation relied a lot on financial achievements which in a style or another supported vast improvements of different packages of accounting. Since the 1990s and 2000s, people have begun to critique the job and entire depend on monetary signs as missing other compulsory aspects that demonstrate the overall health of companies. Companies begun to feel the significance of calculating further fields of performance that can demonstrate the between the company and its assets in spite of relying only on monetary signs that tend to explain earlier accomplishments and aims of short term rather than concentrate on the upcoming direction of the company (Lawrie and Cobbold, 2004). Folan and Browne (2005) demonstrated that in the following years, the development of PM would keep and it would move towards concentrating on the external situation of a company. In spite of the common system of considering that a company has apparent limits and finite connection with other companies, development of PM will gradually turn its focus to contrasting the health of a company with its opponents (Armstrong, 2001). Figure demonstrates the development of dimension and how the concentration of PM has modified from monetary concentration to operational and strategic through the years. (Armstrong, 2001) PM plays three vital tasks in controlling performance. Firstly, PM presents cooperation through narrowing the concentration and focus of policy makers on the significances and aims of the company (Gary, 2008). Then, it presents a method for observing though applying reports of performance to confirm how well anticipations of stakeholders have been achieved up to now. PM serves as an analytic tool in assessing the motive and influence connections between arrangements taken and the outcomes obtained thereby permitting corrective activities to be taken to develop any unwanted conditions. Henri (2006) additionally discloses that from the three tasks recognised, the knowledge achieved can be applied to clarify activities reserved and strategies for future businesses. PM brings also the concentration of officials to important success aspects for the companies and aims that must be the goal of employees (Ordiorne, 1965). PM permits BA to decide its present position with relation to last accomplishments, the final aim of the company, the excellent systems for achieving the aim and how the company can establish if its aim is realized and complete.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Economics :: essays research papers

Economics The study of economics is helpful in several ways . Some of these I will comment on . First of all , technology levels affect a societies economy , so by learning what products are produced and how they are produced , you can see how technologically advanced a society is . By examining where the produced goods are sent/used you can get a better idea of what type of government the society is run by . By studying an economy and seeing how the economy uses resources , you can learn what resources the society controls and which ones the society needs . Tied in with this factor of resources you can get an idea of which countries have leverage over other countries . An economist how a society or government meets the needs and wants of the populace , either through production or commerce . Economists see the world as a) profitable b) unprofitable c) and they see opportunity costs . By viewing the world in such a manner they are able to help in the decision making involved with money and industry . They can help to save money , resources , labor, and time . Microeconomics is the study of an overall economy . In studying microeconomics you study a wider range of services , productions , exchanges . While not as discriminate as macroeconomics , you can get a broader picture and grasp the basic concepts of an economy . Macroeconomics studies the study a single aspect of an economy , lets say the mining of coal . You don't research the delivery , the ‘market' ; all you study is the actual mining process . While this may be more limited in scale , you can learn more about that specific process . You don't see the whole picture but you can find the specifics on that subject . Personally I don't think that the physiocrats theory would work . I think that if we tried to follow there theory and have the government abstain from interference , many of the smaller businesses would quickly be closed down . I think that a great many monopolies would be created and we would have the ‘ railroad barons' problem that we had in the 20th century . I feel that the government is hindering at many times , and still they seem to be helpful in some areas . The business that I chose to depict was the custodial division at Chico State University . Both of my parents work there so I chose this area of

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Scope for Further Research

Chapter –VI FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH This research was broad based, involving multi dimensional study of all possible factors influencing the Personal Market in general and Small Car Market in particular. There are very important findings related to influence of socio-economic issues of Indian middle class, infrastructural issues like development of roads, government policies, price and cost of running and maintaining the car etc.Performance of Tata Motors Nano car, which is the smallest car, in the small car segment, and was positioned to meet the requirement of a spatial segment of Indian buyer was also studied extensively. 6. 1 Findings and Conclusions Major findings and conclusions drawn from the study are listed below -1. 71 percent of respondents have shown their preference towards low engine capacity cars to get higher fuel efficiency. It shows that in future only cars giving higher fuel efficiency will be preferred by Indian consumers. . 73percent of the respondents have shown their preference toward small cars as due to increased traffic and congestion on roads. As vehicle population is increasing continuously and size of city roads started appearing narrow, it can be concluded that small cars will prove sustainable in the future. 3. 74 percent of respondents have shown their preference towards small cars due to parking convenience of roads. In cities due to phenomenal increase in number of vehicles, parking is proving to be a big problem.Parking of small cars is a bit easy and therefore, in future people are likely to prefer small cars. 210 4. In recent past car manufacturers have launched a number of models of small cars with comparable features of big cars, consequently small car owners can now enjoy all these features in small cars also. In all 73 percent of respondents have expressed their happiness due to this reason endorsed the purchase of small car. 5.In India still personal disposable income of majority of respondent is not so high that they can afford to buy a big car and therefore, 71 percent of the total respondents have expressed their opinion that their disposable income permit them to buy only a small car and thus small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 6. In India due to increase in literacy rate and also desire to lead a comfortable life have induced the people to observe small family norm, which can easily be accommodated in small cars, the of choice people is, therefore, shifting towards small cars. 0 percent of total respondents have expressed the view that small car is good for them as they have small family. 7. 70 percent of the total respondents have expressed their opinion that they prefer the small cars as repair facility is available easily and next to their door for the repair of the same. 8. In past few years the number and percentage of women in employment is increasing staidly. Such women employee prefers the small cars due to variety of reasons. 76 percent of the total respondents have expressed their agreement to the fact that increased women employment has boost the sale of small cars.As this trend is going to persist, the future of small car is bright. 9. Increased affluence and easy availability of loans and finance facilities have led to many two wheeler users to buy their first car which is normally a small car. This has made the small cars sustainable in Indian car market. 78 percent of total respondents have endorsed this fact. 10. In past few years urban as well as rural affluence has increased. This has boosted the trend of urbanization. This in turn induces the people to buy 211 ars. In all 77 percent respondents are of the opinion that growing urban population has boost the market of small cars in India. 11. In past one decade a phenomenon improvement has taken place in the road network. This has induced the sale of small cars in India. 81 percent of the total respondents are of the opinion t hat improved conditions of roads even in small cities have led to increase in demand of small cars. 12. Government of India has formulated such policies which stimulate the sale of small cars. 2 percent of total respondents are of the opinion that favorable government policy has boost the sale of small cars. 13. Price of the cars as well cost of spares, parts and component also govern the choice of a car. Normally price of small cars as well cost of spares, parts and components are comparatively low and affordable. Therefore, people prefer to buy small cars. This fact was endorsed by 74 percent of the total respondents. Thus it appears that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian market. 14. The cost of repair and maintenance is comparatively very low in case of small cars.This also remains one of the considerations in forming the decision to buy a car. 83 percent of the total respondents are of the opinion that lower cost of repair and maintenance has influenced their deci sion to buy a small car. 15. Government levies taxes on small cars by low rate and rate of insurance of small cars is also very low as compare to big cars which are higher priced, therefore large number of people opts for purchase of small cars. A majority (68%) of the respondents have shown their agreement towards this. 16.About 3/4th of the total respondents are of the opinion that small cars are still preferred choice of Indian consumers therefore, it can be concluded that small cars will be sustainable in Indian car market. 17. 77 percent of the respondents are of the opinion that constantly rising costs of inputs and fuel prices will contribute to the sustainability of small cars. 18. Small cars prove sufficient to meet the family needs of Indian middle class and therefore, small cars remain preferred choice of Indian middle class. 212 This fact was endorsed by 82 percent of the total respondents.Therefore it can be concluded safely that small cars are going to be sustainable i n Indian car market. 19. Over the years a status consciousness has developed among Indian middle class and to fulfill this need they prefer to buy small car as most of them can not afford to buy a big car. Therefore, small cars remain a preferred choice of Indian middle class. 82 percent of the total respondents have endorsed this view and therefore it can be concluded that small cars will be sustainable in Indian automobile sector. 20. Indian middle class consumer is buying a car for either as a necessity or for comfort.The financial constraint therefore does not permit him to have the luxury of expensive, out of reach big cars. 82 percent of the total respondents of this study are of the same opinion. Looking to large base of middle class population in India, it can safely be concluded that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 21. Parking of cars at residence is proving a difficult proposition now-a-days. Indian middle class resides normally in compact hous es, parking space is in these houses is limited or non existent.In such conditions Indian middle class finds it is more comfortable with small cars. 83 percent of the total respondents acknowledged this fact and endorsed that the parking convenience at residence induces middle class to buy a small car. Thus it is concluded that small car will be sustainable in Indian car market. 22. Family and peer pressure often plays an important role in making buying decision of a vehicle . In case of Indian middle class this pressure induces them to buy small car. 68 percent of the total respondents were of the opinion that this pressure nduces the Indian middle class to buy the small cars. Therefore, small cars will remain a preferred choice of Indian middle class. 213 23. Working women in general and from middle class in particular prefer to buy a small car due to driving and parking comforts offered by such cars. Therefore, small car is a preferred choice of Indian Middle class working women. About 84 percent of total respondents have endorsed this fact. As the number of middle class women employees is on increase continuously, it can be concluded that small cars will sustain in the Indian automobile sector. 4. The focus of current middle class families is more on spending and enjoying life. Their personal disposable income has also increased substantially. The desire to lead a conferrable life is motivating them to buy a car, and with the financial constraint more then often it is small car. Therefore, popularity of small cars is increasing. 80 percent of respondents have shown their agreement that desire to lead comfortable life among middle class will contribute to the sustainability of small cars. 25. Of late Indian middle class has become status conscious.One of the simple ways to exhibit the status consciousness is to buy a car. Therefore, more and more middle class people are embarking upon the decision to buy a car. This fact is going to contribute to the sustai nability of small cars in Indian automobile sector. 83 percent of the total surveyed respondents have expressed their agreement to this. 26. Number of middle class people is on continuous increasing in Indian, since small car is a preferred choice of this segment, it can be concluded that small car will sustain in Indian market. This view has been endorsed by 81 percent of the total respondents. 7. A very small car launched by Tata Motors is not sustainable in Indian automobile sector as 82 percent of the respondents have expressed their opinion against Nano it is perceived as not safe and stable. 28. Tata Motors Nano is not preferred by Indian consumers in spite of being low price and more fuel efficient, as almost 97 percent of the respondents have 214 expressed their agreement to this. Thus price of car and fuel efficiency of it, are not only the factors taken into consideration by Indian consumers while making purchase decision for cars.Their decisions are governed by other fact ors also like safety, features, driving comfort, status, convenience, etc. 29. Nano is not even preferred by Indian consumers as suitable for â€Å"† Only for City use† car.. 91 percent of the respondents have expressed this view. 30. Nano is not a preferred choice of Indian consumers, neither as a first car nor as a second or additional car. 88 percent of respondents have disown it as their choice as a first car and 93 percent of respondents have disown it as their choice as second or additional car. 31. Tata Motors Nano car was positioned as a better alternative for two wheeler.However those who are using two wheelers for their personal and family use and can afford to buy at least a small car are also having hesitation in buying Nano. 93 percent of the respondents have that they would not like Nano to take out their family instead of scooter or a motor bike. Thus it can be concluded that Tata Motors Nano has lost it’s initial charm and hype created in Indian c ar market. 32 Out of the total surveyed respondents (1500) , 1271 respondents have acknowledged that they are using small car ,remaining of respondents said they are not using a small car.This implies that Indian car market scene is still dominated by small car. 33. 79 percent of the respondents those using small car have expressed their satisfaction with a small car. Remaining 21 percent of respondents were not satisfied by with the small car. This very high satisfaction level with the users, is clear indication of sustainability of small car in Indian market. 34. 83 percent of the total respondents have acknowledged that they would like to recommend the car currently being used by them to the prospective buyers.This again shows that most of the car users are satisfied with their 215 present car, whether big or small, and they would like to recommend the same to the prospective buyers. This study has already established the fact that the sale of small car is dominating, this respon se further support the sustainability of small car in Indian market. 35. This study also reveals that 73 percent of the respondents have expressed their opinion that small car will be the preferred choice of Indian Middle Class and will sustain in Indian car market. 6. RECOMMENDATIONDS AND SUGGESTIONS For this study the questionnaire was so designed to get a clear idea about the preferences, choices, socio- economic issues, financial constraints, influencing factor of government actions and policies, consumer profiles etc. Since the study covers interest of all stake holders of Indian automobile sector, the recommendations are grouped under the following†¢ Recommendations for the car and auto component manufactures. †¢ Recommendations for auto finance organizations. †¢ Recommendations for policy planners- †¢Recommendations for prospective car buyers. One important finding coming out of this study, which can change significantly the dynamics of Indian business, is shift in the consumer profile. Though the urbanization is taking place at a very high rate, it is the consumption of Rural India which is increasing at faster rate then Urban India. There for the recommendations for the basis of shift in consumer profile are grouped together, for the four segments of stake holders as specified above. 216 6. 2. 1 Recommendations for the car and auto component manufactures1.The fuel efficiency is one of the prime concerns of the car users and therefore it is recommended that the future car engine designee should be based on fuel efficiency and note on high horse power. 2. The availability of repair facility is having influence on buying decision, and therefore it is recommended that the car manufacturer should address this requirement before introducing any high technology based models of small cars for Indian market. 3. The study reveals that the small car is preferred by working women.Introduction of some variance of the car models having â€Å"Wo men friendly accessories† will attract the women customers. 4. The cost of the spare parts is of concern of car users. To boost the sale of their product it is suggested that the auto component manufacturers, open their dealer networks and service outlets to meet customer’s requirements directly. This is already in practice for car batteries, tyers etc. The Auto electrical segment can also use this. 5. The study reveals that there is shift in consumer profile. The consumer in he rural area is having more stakes in consumption. Currently the car designs are for the urban users. It is recommended that to take advantage of this shift some variance of car models can be designed to attract rural customers. 6. The Tata Motors Nano car is having low price and fuel efficient engine, but as the study reveals it is not accepted by consumers due to various issues like safety, durability, not suitable for long distance travel etc. It is recommended that car manufacture should take a note of this in designing the future models.They are advised to conduct the extensive survey of consumers, particularly, of Nano users, that why a small car launched in Indian car market with a big fan fare could not pick-up and lost its charm in a very short span of time, so that they can revive Nano as per expectations of public and can make it a great success in Indian car market. 217 7. Although 79 percent of the small car users have expressed their satisfaction with the small car being used by them, but 19 percent of the respondents have also expressed their dissatisfaction with the small car which can not be termed as insignificant from any yardstick.Small car manufacturers are advised to develop a suitable mechanism to identify such dissatisfaction and must take concrete steps to overcome their dissatisfaction. 6. 2. 2 i. Recommendations for auto finance organizations. One of the findings of the study is that financing of car purchase is key driver of auto industry. In the discussions it is felt that, as the disposable income is low in the beginning of the career and increases with the passes of time the initial Equated Monthly Installments (EMIs) are proved heavy and burdensome on the purchasers. ii.It is therefore, recommended that auto finance companies can adopt a model of financing in which monthly payment in the initial period can be low, with a gradual increase afterwards. 6. 2. 3 Recommendations for government and policy planners(i) The constantly increasing fuel prices on the one hand support the choice of small car but on the other hand the cost conscious consumer may stop shifting from two wheelers to car. The government, therefore, can take suitable policy decision to offset the impact of increased fuel price by reduction of other taxes and duties on fuel. ii) The study reveals the concern of the parking and traffic congestion on roads. It is recommended that â€Å"Town Planers† and policy makers in the government should suitably ad dress these problems. Looking to the shortage of parking area in the city following solutions can be considered(a) Providing high-rise parking setups with lifts. 218 (b) Parking plazas out side city, with rapid transport system connectivity to business areas. (c) Making it mandatory to use roof tops for parking, like basement is used of high-rise buildings. (d)The traffic congestion on road, especially in cities, is often because of non adherence to the driving discipline by users. The traffic management system, therefore need to be made more efficient, active and accountable. (iii) To further boost automobile sector, more reforms in this sector are required, Since the Auto Policy published in 2002, is already more then a decade old a working group of experts should be asked to come out a new policy frame work, taking into consideration the current status and challenges. 6. 2. 4 Recommendations for prospective car buyers. (i)From this study one fact has come out clearly that, curren tly many models with many variances in each model, are available for a buyer. It is therefore recommended that in selecting a car the buyer should carefully evaluate the technical specifications, and match, the same with his needs. (ii) There are different schemes with different auto finance organizations. With a careful study of the schemes available at the time of car purchase, substantial saving in car financing can be obtained. (iii) Tata Motors Nano car is not favored by majority of the respondents, due to their perceptions, related to safety, stability, status symbol etc.However the manufacturer is continuously working to rectify these concerns. For the buyers having low disposable income, it is therefore recommended that at least considering the very low price of this car, the current model available at the time of purchase can be once again technically evaluated (iv) The government policies for protection of environment are also influencing the engine type and the fuel used in a car. It is therefore 219 recommended that buyer should select a model which is having futuristic technology engine. 6. 2. 5 ESPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE BASIS OF SHIFT INCONSUMER PROFILEThis study reveals the fact that the ‘Rural Market’ of India is growing more rapidly then ‘Urban Market’. The perception of car manufacturing industry as well as policy planers with the government in India has considered car as a commodity for urban population. This sift in the consumer profile if taken into serious consideration can lead to following recommendations6. 2. 5. 1Recommendations for the car manufacturesi. The interior design of the cars for the future models can be reviewed, and new models or at least some variants of new models can have features suitable for rural buyer.To give examples the long front seat of retro models can be reintroduced, the capacity of petrol tank can be increased etc. ii. The topographic requirement of rural area can be considere d for technical specifications, of the cars e. g. wheel size, road clearance etc. to make it more acceptable in rural India. It is necessary to provide additional protection against dust to the vital elements, like fuel injection systems, carburetors, ignition system etc. iii. It is recommended that car manufacturers explore the possibility of introducing â€Å"Four Wheel Drive† system in small car as well. iv.The Personal car sales- net work currently focuses more on urban India, a shift is recommended in this approach. v. It is recommended that, after sale service net work is to be extended to rural area. Since the area to be serviced will be very large, a module having a central workshop with mobile service vehicles attached to it can also be considered. 220 vi. For the manufacturer like Maruti having major stake in small car segment, it is recommended that they can develop a system through which some selected fuel outlets can be used for providing authorized repair servic e by tanning the staff of fuel outlet. . 2. 5. 2 Recommendations for auto finance organizationsi. The current system of Equated Monthly Installments, is meeting the requirements of urban consumers which are generally fixed monthly income employees. The earning pattern of the rural consumers is different as it is seasonal. Therefore it is recommended that schemes where the option of repayment in unequaled installments, with a rider to make the complete repayment in a predefined period can be introduced. ii. The cooperative banks are generally very strong in rural India.It is recommended that captive auto finance companies can start exploring the possibilities of working with these banks. 6. 2. 5. 3Recommendations for policy plannersThe growth in auto industry segment works as a catalyst for the entire manufacturing sector. This growth is meeting the two very important key objectives of the government e. g. Improved GDP and more employment. It is therefore recommended that the policy planners in government should design the policies which can boost the sale of cars (small cars) in Indian ruler market.Some of the suggestions are as underi. It is recommended that in place of uniform road taxes throughout the state, a system of differential taxes based on the type of the area in which a personal vehicle is in use can be implemented. ii. To increase the use of cars, more priority should be also given to the roads connecting the villages to nearby cities. 221 iii. It is recommended that like agriculture equipments the soft loan schemes, for rural user to be extended for Personal Vehicles iv.Government should consider suitable tax incentives for the promotion of R & D in the automobile sector, which can be directly attributed to suitable vehicle for Rural India 6. 2. 5. 4 Recommendations for prospective car buyers. i. The service backup is very necessary for the high technology based cars. It is therefore suggested that buyer should examine this aspect carefully. ii. The road conditions may very from the cities in the rural area. The car specifications required to be looked into, from this angle. 6. 3 Directions for Future/ Further Study i. The study pertains to study of sustainability of small cars in Indian automobile sector.This study opens the scope for conducting future researches on the sustainability of big cars MPVs, SUVs, LCVs and heavy vehicles. ii. The study is confined to conduct the study of market sustainability; however, future studies may be undertaken for conducting the technical sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and financial sustainability of small cars or any other product. iii. The study also opens the avenue of conducting such study at international level covering different dimensions of sustainability of small cars. 222

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Microcredit In Bangladesh

Microcredit programs have provided a hugely positive impact on third world and developing nations where employment opportunities are limited due to the collapsed and limited economies of these countries. What microcredit programs entail is the issuance of small loans to individuals who would not normally qualify for a loan because their lack of employment and collateral assets make them poor candidates in the eyes of financial institutions. Microcredit loans look past the risk involved regarding the issuance of the loan and provide initial venture capital to impoverished people start a small business. Of all the countries where microloans have proven successful, it would be the country of Bangladesh. Throughout its history, Bangladesh has suffered tremendously from a variety of maladies that have lead to its current economic depression. Under British colonial rule, the population suffered massive famines; and in the 1970’s a series of natural disasters lead to even further economic despair. Today, Bangladesh currently suffers from a severe overpopulation situation that has further pushed economic disaster. Because of its severe depression, Bangladesh was essentially the trial location to test of the feasibility of microcredit loans. Organizations such as Grameen Bank have special programs to provide charitable loans to Bangladesh and the bank has documented the proof that these loans are successful. According to Grameen Bank: Lasting peace can not be achieved unless large population groups find  ways in which to break out of poverty. Micro-credit is one such means. Development from below also serves to advance democracy and human rights†¦.. Every single individual on earth has both the potential and the right to live a decent life. Across cultures and civilizations, Yunus  and Grameen Bank have shown that even the poorest of the poor can  work to bring about their own development. Microcredit programs have proven successful as a means of providing underprivileged people with an opportunity to rise out of a disadvantaged position. In fact, these programs have been so successful that many banks have started to reconsider the people of Bangladesh as â€Å"high risk† candidates for loans. That is, because the microloans have proved successful, there is a belief on many bank’s part that money lent to the people will return (with interest) when the borrower launches a successful business. The Microcredit Summit Campaign details a popular success story: With a gift of 10,000 CFA ($US 16) in 1994 from her father, [Yama Laye] set up a small table to sell essentials such as tea, sugar, salt, matches and sweets by the roadside. The profit she made never exceeded 500 CFA ( $.80) per day. Almost all her profits were spent on the purchase of essential food for her husband and her six-year-old child. Yes, all it took was a mere $16 to set in motion the ability for a family to be able to purchase the essential items needed for survival, a purchases that would not have been possible in the absence of the $16 grant. If anything, the microcredit loans have shown that there is always hope and there is always an answer, provided people work in concert together to find sane, sensible, effective means of solving a problem. In a way, Microcredit programs are a unique mix of financial philanthropy and human rights and it is a unique mix that has repeatedly been proven as successful. Works Cited Microcredit Summit Campaign. (2005) Results Educational Fund. 22 October 2006. URL http://www.microcreditsummit.org/newsletter/ borrower-Yama.html What is Microcredit? (January 2003) Muhammad Yunus. 22 October 2003. URL http://www.grameen-info.org/mcredit/index.html   

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Essay about case study

Essay about case study Essay about case study Principles Of Health and Social Care Unit 2 Contents page: 1. Introduction 2. Task two (2.1, 2.2 & 2.3) 3. Task three (3.1, 3.2 & 3.3) 4. Task four (4.1, 4.2 & 4.3) 1. Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to ensure that values and principles that support health and social care settings are being understood. Also understanding of policy, codes of practice, regulation and legislation impact on health sector, theories in health care practice and how to develop and implement organizational policy. 2. Case study: â€Å"In our care home, some time ago a program has been implemented, in a hope that service users with an early stage of mental illnesses can live an independent life at their home. The program uses a small electronic device which can be attached to a cloth item, and gives the freedom to its wearer to walk out between 11 am and 8 pm. In case that a service user wearing this tag get missing, he can be tracked by satellite and never get lost. Such is the case to Mr. M, a 65 year pensioner, well fit and a sociable person who is suffering from an early stage of dementia, and lives with his daughter who is his protector. His daughter is happy to know that with a tag attached, his father can live an independent life, but despite her efforts, Mr. M forgets his tag and very often, he is found outside wondering without his tag. As a result, our care home suggests that Mr. M may need full care supervision. However, Mr. M doesn’t want to feel like a hostage in his own home. † Care workers have to consider, follow and implement theories, policies, procedures and legislations in order to deliver the best service in care system. Every care setting has a Code of Practice who includes employers’ responsibilities and requires care workers adherence to their code, supporting social workers to understand and implement their code and taking actions when care workers do not comply with the care home code. As a care worker, implementing and following the procedures, policies and legislations within my care home, it is a must in order to deliver a good care. Bearing in mind person-centred approach, a therapy developed by psychologist Dr .Carl Rogers, which is based on focusing on the person you care for, his rights, desires, needs and goals, means that Mr. M may be above priorities in our care home. In Mr. M case, his desire is to stay home with his daughter, where he feels more independently, and he does not want to wear his tag just because he feel his spending time outside is too short, since he likes going to cinema in evenings, and his outside time does not allow him to stay too late. Therefore, in my report, I write Mr. M wishes and present his case to my manager. Since he doesn’t represent a danger to Essay about case study Essay about case study 1. Pantone’s color-management systems can definitely be used for regular consumers. The creation of the smart phone has opened many doors for different companies to expand into the consumer market; with Pantones I-phone and android apps you can Isolate and identify any colors within a picture. Another way Pantone is reaching into the consumer market is not in this article but is a system my wife uses on a regular basis, it is color matching of paints for houses and furniture, pantone has created an app with the ability to build color palettes you can take with you anywhere and even share them through the app. 2. For many years, the Pantone Matching System has served as the standard in color matching and identification, with 1,114 solid, codified Pantone colors. There is definitely a derived demand for Pantones color management system. Many businesses use the system to help produce consumer products. Pantone also does a very good job at forecasting popular colors for each upcoming fashion season. 3. Pantone management Systems is definitely operating a service type business. They provide a very specific service to their customers, by offering there color formulas, palettes, as well as providing consulting services for businesses and giving advice in color palettes and how to use color. The article I chose to read for this week’s assignment was â€Å"Ethics in Social Network Marketing† by David Skul. In the article David talks about how unethical no-targeted spam marketing has really backfired for retailers. He mentions that when marketing through social networks you are joining a community, and with any community business does have its place but does not have the right to invade people’s privacy. You must also become a part of that community, get involved in groups, contribute, communicate and make friends that are interested in what you have to sell. There are many opportunities when marketing through social networks such as Facebook and Myspace. Do not overdue your ads to mislead or lure visitors, also do not criticize competitors’ products, simply point out

Monday, October 21, 2019

Free Essays on H20-wheres All The Water

Write about how romantic art differed from Neo-classical art. For as long as there has been art, art has been great way to define the times. Many styles of art have existed and coexisted through the years. During the Eighteenth Century, Neo-Classical art was very popular. Then, during the age of Romanticism, art varied between romantic, realism, and luminism. All of the types of art during these ages serve to deepen the understanding of these times. During the Eighteenth Century, one of the major art forms of the time was known as Neo-Classical art. Neo-Classical art emerged following the discovery of the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. People were fascinated by the artwork that was uncovered in the ancient cities, and this brought about an interest in classical art of the past, mainly that of ancient Rome. Classical art was considered respectable and important, and countless artists began to mimic it in their own works. People were also captivated by the ancient ideas of the Roman Empire, and looked towards them as idealistic for their own lives (Cunningham-Reich, 231-232). Neo-Classical art was something new for artists, and they were excited to change from the Baroque and Rococo styles of the past (Cunningham-Reich, 233). Neo-Classical art was much less extravagant and not so serious. Colors were more vivid and the overall tone was much lighter. Neo-Classical art represented the Eighteenth Century and its lifestyle. Following the Neo-Classical style, romantic art depicted the turn of the century. Painters of the time were more interested in portraying emotions and feelings in their artworks. Art became much more colorful and heartfelt. Paintings showed the upsets of war and aimed to evoke the viewer to feel a need for peace from war. A good example at this time would be Francisco Goya, who was strongly attached to his feelings and emotions. His paintings never seemed to touch on past Neo-Classical ... Free Essays on H20-wheres All The Water Free Essays on H20-wheres All The Water Write about how romantic art differed from Neo-classical art. For as long as there has been art, art has been great way to define the times. Many styles of art have existed and coexisted through the years. During the Eighteenth Century, Neo-Classical art was very popular. Then, during the age of Romanticism, art varied between romantic, realism, and luminism. All of the types of art during these ages serve to deepen the understanding of these times. During the Eighteenth Century, one of the major art forms of the time was known as Neo-Classical art. Neo-Classical art emerged following the discovery of the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. People were fascinated by the artwork that was uncovered in the ancient cities, and this brought about an interest in classical art of the past, mainly that of ancient Rome. Classical art was considered respectable and important, and countless artists began to mimic it in their own works. People were also captivated by the ancient ideas of the Roman Empire, and looked towards them as idealistic for their own lives (Cunningham-Reich, 231-232). Neo-Classical art was something new for artists, and they were excited to change from the Baroque and Rococo styles of the past (Cunningham-Reich, 233). Neo-Classical art was much less extravagant and not so serious. Colors were more vivid and the overall tone was much lighter. Neo-Classical art represented the Eighteenth Century and its lifestyle. Following the Neo-Classical style, romantic art depicted the turn of the century. Painters of the time were more interested in portraying emotions and feelings in their artworks. Art became much more colorful and heartfelt. Paintings showed the upsets of war and aimed to evoke the viewer to feel a need for peace from war. A good example at this time would be Francisco Goya, who was strongly attached to his feelings and emotions. His paintings never seemed to touch on past Neo-Classical ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Fake FBI Warning Email Scam

Fake FBI Warning Email Scam Beware of messages purporting to originate from the FBI (or CIA) accusing you of visiting illegal websites. These emails are unauthorized and arrive with an attachment containing the Sober virus. This virus-bearing email with a malicious file attached has been circulating since February 2005. Make sure your antivirus software is up to date and your computer is scanned regularly. Another variant of the message comprises the users computer with a virus that can install itself when clicking on a compromised website. A window pops up indicating that the user’s Internet address was identified by the FBI or the Department of Justice’s Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section as associated with child pornography sites. To unlock their computer, users are informed they have to pay a fine using a service for prepaid money cards. How to Handle a Fake FBI Email If you receive a message like this, dont panic - but do delete it without clicking on any links or opening any attached files. Attachments to these emails contain a worm called Sober-K (or a variant thereof). Though these messages and others similar to them purport to come from the FBI or CIA and may even show return addresses like policefbi.gov or postcia.gov, they were not authorized or sent by any U.S. government agency. FBI Statement on the Message Containing a Virus FBI ALERTS PUBLIC TO RECENT E-MAIL SCHEMEEmails purporting to come from FBI are phonyWashington, D.C. - The FBI today warned the public to avoid falling victim to an ongoing mass email scheme wherein computer users receive unsolicited emails purportedly sent by the FBI. These scam emails tell the recipients that their Internet use has been monitored by the FBIs Internet Fraud Complaint Center and that they have accessed illegal web sites. The emails then direct recipients to open an attachment and answer questions. The attachments contain a computer virus.These emails did not come from the FBI. Recipients of this or similar solicitations should know that the FBI does not engage in the practice of sending unsolicited emails to the public in this manner.Opening email attachments from an unknown sender is a risky and dangerous endeavor as such attachments frequently contain viruses that can infect the recipients computer. The FBI strongly encourages computer users not to open such attac hments. Sample Fake FBI Email Heres email text contributed by A. Edwards on Feb. 22, 2005: Dear Sir/Madam,We have logged your IP-address on more than 40 illegal Websites.Important: Please answer our questions! The list of questions are attached.Yours faithfully,M. John StellfordFederal Bureau of Investigation -FBI-935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Room 2130Washington, DC 20535(202) 324-3000 Sample Fake CIA Email Heres email text contributed anonymously on Nov. 21, 2005: Dear Sir/Madam,We have logged your IP-address on more than 30 illegal Websites.Important:Please answer our questions! The list of questions are attached.Yours faithfully,Steven AllisonCentral Intelligence Agency -CIA-Office of Public AffairsWashington, D.C. 20505phone: (703) 482-06237:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., US Eastern time Sources and further reading: FBI Alerts Public to Email ScamFBI press release, February 22, 2005

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Organzational Development The Process of Leading Orginzational Change Essay

Organzational Development The Process of Leading Orginzational Change Case Study 3,4, & 5 - Essay Example Although, they both give individual feelings and perceptions, the first data will take a lot of time because the ideas are not organized in a simpler manner. Not much difference can be noticed from the two data. While meeting Nancy we will majorly focus on the demand that are not being attended to and that need adjustment. The purpose of individual assessment of the team was to mix each other a bit so as to enhance a good understanding of one another. During this assessment it would be possible to realize areas that should be improved and what deficiency is at the working place. In addition to this, it will also ensure that the workers are able to open up to each other. The interrelation will ease the team’s interaction which will enhance maximization of an individual’s output. The instrument that is used was purposely to ensure that the workers are aware of one another discrete working style. It is good to have knowledge of your working partners’ style so as to enhance a good working environment. The instrument was introduced as a way of analyzing individual style of work. Lori describes it as way of letting the workers have a good understanding amongst them, and not to mean that was what they really are. Every member of the team needs to know what style he/she prefers when part of the team. The explanation was done well, although, an improvement on the description should have been enhanced. This is because some employees would make decision without clear understanding of what really describes them. An example is when Cindy objects the word controlling as it has been used to describe someone who seeks attention and lead the rest. She finds the term so negative. Actually controlling does not fully describe someone who follows teams’ decisions. The idea of separating the workers according to the style that they think of themselves was a good idea. They are divided to help us identify what one thinks is the best style to

Friday, October 18, 2019

Diplomatic Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diplomatic Security - Essay Example ly 1973 created and unified drug agencies under a single command to fight the global menace of drug (United States, History, n.d.) and was established under the auspices of the Department of Justice through Reorganization Plan No. 2 that took effect on July 1, 1973 (Records, n.d.). The Drug Enforcement Agency is a criminal justice agency headed by an Administrator appointed by the US President and should be confirmed by the Senate (United States, Staffing, n.d.). Its main mission includes the enforcement of laws and regulations on controlled substances and to â€Å"bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the US† everyone who participates in growing, production, processing and distribution of controlled substances (Hewgley, 2009, para. 24). In order to carry out its mission, the agency disseminates information uncovered with the intelligence sector (Hewgley, 2009). DEA offices situated in the US are called domestic offices (The Drug Enforcement, 2007). Before the establishment of the DEA under the Department of Justice, several agencies fought against drug trafficking with some simultaneously performing the same functions, namely: a) under the Department of the Treasury - 1) Bureau of Internal Revenue (1914-1921), 2) Narcotic Division, Bureau of Internal Revenue (1921-1927), 2) Narcotic Division, Bureau of Prohibition (1927-1930), 3) Bureau of Narcotics (1930-1968); b) under the Food and Drug Administration – 1) Bureau of Drug Abuse Control (1965-1968); c) under the Department of Justice – 1) Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (1968-73) (Records, n.d.). The Bureau of Narcotics and the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control exercised the same functions at an overlapping period (Records, n.d.). For an effective enforcement and operation, DEA has strategically established offices in other countries and conduct covert and surveillance operations. The agency coordinates and cooperates with foreign governments in order to thwart supply of drugs into the US

Royal Thai Airways Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Royal Thai Airways - Case Study Example s of Thai culture, its customs, and traditions.' The goal of the research study is to examine the extent and nature of Thailand's reach as a tourist economy within the global market. Focused on RTA's Royal Orchid Plus (ROP) market segment, the project proposes to engage the topic of globalization through inquiry into ROP passenger membership, and in particular high wealth, male customers from cosmopolitan hubs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and United Kingdom (UK). At the global level, RTA and by extension the Thai tourist economy has at present, a significant share of the available demand. Well known for its personal service tourism (i.e. sex tourism) economy, Thailand's beauty and tropical surroundings are compliment the dream world of male fantasies attained through association with luxury market advertising of those services. Nevertheless, Thailand's sex tourism industry has an alternative image, which is predicated upon the policy concerns of human rights activism against such activities. AIDs and interrelated discourses o n 'health' utilized by medical, public health and 'spa' businesses are also considered. A full service provider of commercial airline service to customers around the globe, RTA faces a challenge in identity management that is perhaps unparalleled elsewhere in terms of market analysis and communication. Business development, then is fostered through negotiation of gender terms, and precisely so; RTA employs Thailand's 'Spa Culture' as a benefit to ROP members, yet retracts from association with anything pertaining to 'sex.' The royal orchid carrier is in the last instance, 'traditional.' How this impacts investment underscores the nature of this study. Participation in the Star Alliance was the result of various changes in the world's economic situation, RTA claims, as single carriers 'cannot sustain and respond to these changes effectively and sufficiently.' The 2008 'Open Skies Agreement' between the EU and US set the pace for a radical restriction on nations that did not follow suit in regard to free-trade at international airports. Marketing 'paradise' has now become more expensive. Revenues generated by RTA's frequent flier customers more important to the airline than ever. To this end, the project focuses on the high wealth, male ROP client, and in particular those of the UAE and UK, working together in the heavily sanctioned social environments (i.e. dictating prohibition on sexual relations) of the Gulf States. The theoretical prospectus on the project is focused on globalization and identity, and specifically addresses critical marketing theories dedicated to activist

Film review the film is No Country For Old Man Essay

Film review the film is No Country For Old Man - Essay Example Although the Western Country terrain is a time-tested cinematic formula, the directors bring fresh perspectives to it. The acclaimed Western Classicism of past directors as Anthony Mann and Sam Peckinpah are presented within new frameworks. Tommy Lee Jones (Ed Tom Bell) plays the sheriff in a West Texas county, who increasingly grows wary of crime and violence in the region. As tension hangs about the county, a drug deal duel breaks out, in which several men are killed and a few others wounded. Josh Brolin (Llewelyn Moss) who finds himself caught in this swirl luckily escapes injury. More fortuitously, he gets possession of a satchel containing $2 millions, which he hordes away in his trailer park home. But when he returns to the scene to save a wounded man later that night, he is chased by two unknown persons and also loses his vehicle in the process. The tempo increases from this point on, as different parties attempt to get hold of the cash. Javier Bardem (Anton Chigurh) plays the role of a hitman hired to get back the satchel. Hence he starts his chase of Llewelyn Moss. Having already killed a police officer before, he is sought by Ed Tom Bell. Hence a triangle of targets is set up in the plot. The further encounters and the attendant suspicion between the three parties constitute the rest of the narrative. Although such a story line is not unique by any means, the screenplay and dialogue are crisply written and well-executed by the actors. Particularly impressive is the role of Anton Chigurh, played by Javier Bardem. As Houston Chronicle reviewer Amy Biancolli succinctly notes, â€Å"he is diabolical in this guise, and he would be even if he didn’t stroll through the movie plugging holes into foreheads with a compressed-air tank. Few actors can play single-mindedness as chillingly as Bardem...† (Biancolli, 2007) The screenplay is laced with a morbid, dark sense of humor, which goes well with the underlying plot structure. There are semblances to Texas Chainsaw Massacre, but in terms of symbolism and metaphor No Country is richer. Especially striking are metaphors of evil in the actions of the wrong-doers, who are earnestly pursued by the dutiful Sheriff, who comes across as a lone-ranger amid the litany of evil mongers running after quick money. Coen brothers need also be credited for their able handling of the novel form and its smooth adaptation onto screen. Given their poor track record of novel adaptations, this is an impressive and faithful work. Although gun violence is integral to the plot and the genre, there is too much of it during climax sequences. And as expected it is Anton Chigurh who is at the centre of much of the carnage. His shooting spree at times borders on the insane and the directors might have gone overboard in this respect. Tommy Lee Jones is the stand out actor among the cast, for though he could not prevent the killings or accomplish his mission, his commitment and moral authority is clearly vi sible. As the story marches towards its conclusion, there is evidence of despondency in Jones’ eyes, which is recognition of his failure to avert much of the transpired violence. In conclusion, the words of noted critic Ian Buckwalter serve as a suitable summary assessment of the merit of the movie: â€Å"But don't let the humor fool you.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Bookstore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bookstore - Essay Example The consistency of the crowd reflected that this book was aimed at an audience with a literary inclination and a level of intellect to understand and appreciate sensitive subjects like the one covered in "A Million Nightingales". Eavesdropping into low pitched conversations around me further confirmed that almost every person present there was a connoisseur of history and literature. The otherwise quaint and silent book- store was now filled with soft murmurs and muffled discussions as people bunched into groups and exchanged views and opinions about the book and the author. the ambience was very appropriate for a literary event as every member of the group was focused on the purpose. The much awaited moment arrived as Susan Straight walked into the store and seated herself on the podium after a warm greeting and a smile. SusanStraight is a pleasant looking woman and a mother of three daughters and teaches creative writing at the University of California, Riverside. She does most of her writing by hand in little notebooks whenever she gets a few odd minutes to spare. I discovered from one of her interviews that she firmly believes in the dictum that "When you read all the time, language comes naturally to you".

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML Essay

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML - Essay Example For the purpose of this scenario, the information sources are represented by these operational database systems which are actually relational databases, and are required to be integrated in the data warehouse. Every clinic has also a manager and a number of staff, such as, cleaners, nurses, and etc. Since, data warehouses are capable of handling server tasks connected to querying, therefore, the proposed implementation of data warehouse would support the company’s transactions systems to complete transactions within a desirable time frame by running the reports and queries on a server. Allow the users (company staff) to obtain reports and make queries efficiently as data warehouse gives the user control over the response time by storing the older data and the recent data in well-organized manner. Despite the fact that the company can enjoy many benefits from implementing the proposed implementation, there are some major drawbacks as well which are highlighted in another article at Exforsys (The disadvantages of a data warehouse, n.d.): Since, data warehouse contains historical data about a company’s transactions, the value of this information might be limited because the businesses operating in today’s market are in constant transition, and therefore, it may not be always worthy to use a historical data. The process of extracting, transforming, and loading data from the source systems in real-time can be one of the most challenging tasks for any data warehouse. The ETL process normally requires downtime of the data warehouse, and therefore, it is usually carried out late at night to avoid any inconvenience because users cannot access data warehouse during the process. However, there can’t be any system downtime when the data is being loaded continuously in real-time. Unfortunately, most of the traditional ETL tools and systems are incapable of supporting continuous updates in the data warehouse without

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Bookstore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bookstore - Essay Example The consistency of the crowd reflected that this book was aimed at an audience with a literary inclination and a level of intellect to understand and appreciate sensitive subjects like the one covered in "A Million Nightingales". Eavesdropping into low pitched conversations around me further confirmed that almost every person present there was a connoisseur of history and literature. The otherwise quaint and silent book- store was now filled with soft murmurs and muffled discussions as people bunched into groups and exchanged views and opinions about the book and the author. the ambience was very appropriate for a literary event as every member of the group was focused on the purpose. The much awaited moment arrived as Susan Straight walked into the store and seated herself on the podium after a warm greeting and a smile. SusanStraight is a pleasant looking woman and a mother of three daughters and teaches creative writing at the University of California, Riverside. She does most of her writing by hand in little notebooks whenever she gets a few odd minutes to spare. I discovered from one of her interviews that she firmly believes in the dictum that "When you read all the time, language comes naturally to you".

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Questions to answer on Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Questions to answer on Management - Essay Example The patent right enables an individual to own the idea or invention for substantial period of time so that it can be developed sufficiently into a real invention or business. Patent rights provide protection for the idea or invention from being copied or reproduced by others. Firstly, the idea or invention has to be explained in brief through an application made to the Government Patent Office by an agent or lawyer. This will be reviewed and approved if original and new. Once the first application is approved, a date will be given to the application during which he/she can work on the idea; this date is referred to as the ‘priority date.’ Once approved, a plan for its development must be prepared and produced to the patent office for further approval within 12 months. During this period, the inventor can advertise or publish the idea. After one year, the inventor needs to produce a detailed plan for its development, which is referred to as the ‘Final Specification. ’ If this idea is completely new and does not match with any of the other patents, then it is approved. If it finds any similarities with others, it is rejected. Rejection is accompanied with sufficient explanation. The applicant can also modify it in case it resembles any other idea. If the inventor fails to abide by the confidentiality of the idea or leaks the idea in some way, the patent will be subject to cancellation. Hence, confidentiality is very important during the period when first application is sent for approval. Secondly, if the idea or invention resembles or already exists in the market, then patent rights may be rejected. Patents applied in the United Kingdom are valid only within that country. To obtain patent protection in different countries, separate patents must be filed according to the respective country’s regulations. Obtaining international patents are very expensive. However, the International Convention on Patents provides a common priority da te for all patents during which ideation and development in different countries can be prepared. One common committee governing European patents is the European Patent Office (EPO), which provides patent protection in all European countries at the same time. Hence, patents issued by the EPO are enforceable by individual nations within the European Union and few other countries that come in the purview of EPO. Moreover, the patents issued by the EPO are governed by laws related to various international committees. Patents are divided mainly into 3 categories namely utility patents, design patents, and plant patents depending upon the idea or invention. In the engineering sector, utility and design patents are more common ones. National patents issued within European countries are governed by national legislation and could include aspects related to filing the patents, examination, scope of grants, invalidation, breach and revocation. Patents obtained on methods or ideas related to pr ocedures and certain products are not same in all countries. For instance, patents approved in the United States for certain products or procedures may not be approved in the United Kingdom and other countries. Under an employment agreement, ideally all inventions that are made during the employment and related to the job during working hours and with the use of official resources are owned by the employer. Therefore, if an employee invents something related to his/her job, then the rights to that invention are with the

Monday, October 14, 2019

Effect of Management Change | Case Study

Effect of Management Change | Case Study 1.1 BACKGROUND Change has always been with man from creation. Man and plants have evolved and adapted to the environment anytime the need arises. Failure to change, most often than not leads to extinction. The general perception is that changes are made always for the better, but sometimes, it is for the worst. At other times also, there is no need for change. Change is an inevitable phenomenon. A system would have to undergo change at some point in time. The effectiveness of the change to a large extent depends on how it is managed. For an organization to survive, it is necessary for it to continue to adapt to its changing environment. Change is the singular factor that upgrades a system to suit its current environment. Change in management is one typical way of effecting change. Change in management can take the form of privatization, re-shuffling or merging. Most times, old managers leave with their ideologies and new managers come in with new ones. Vodafone Ghana is one company in the Telecommunication Industry which has experienced management change in recent times. Vodafone Ghana, formerly Ghana Telecom, was the national telecommunication company of Ghana. In 2006, it had around 400,000 customers for fixed and mobile telephony and internet services. On 3rd July 2008, the sale of the company for $900m to Vodafone group was announced. After the transaction closed, Vodafone had a 70% stake in the company, while the Ghanaian Government retained a 30% stake. On 16th April 2009, the company was rebranded as Vodafone Ghana. The rebranding, seeks to lead to a stiff competition among the operators in the Ghanaian mobile market. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT. Changes in almost all organizations are not freely welcomed by the organization members. The reluctance to change is mostly as a result of fear of the unknown. Changes in management in organizations are resisted by staff for lack of knowledge of the impact the change will bring. The impact could be positive or negative. The change will at the tail end affect the performance of the staff and for that matter the organization as a whole. Change in management actually changes the status quo of how things are done. How the change is managed to get everyone along is crucial to the effectiveness of the organization. The performance of the organization is also translated in the response by the organizations external customers, government and regulatory bodies to the change. 1.3 PURPOSE/AIMS The purpose of the study will be to assess the performance of Vodafone Ghana, as there has been change in management. The research will assess the performance of the then Ghana Telecom and its management team for the last two years and do a comparative analysis with the performance of the now Vodafone Ghana and its new set of management team. At the end of the study, the research will find out which of the two management teams led to a higher performance of Vodafone Ghana. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study will include the following; To identify the effect of change in management on the performance of Vodafone Ghana. To identify the factors that necessitated the change in management of Vodafone Ghana. To ascertain the challenges of the process (change in management) and how it was managed to ensure that it is on track to achieving the required performance. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It is believed that, the results of this study will do the following; Enable internal and external customers to know how the management team of the then Ghana Telecom fared in the last two years of their being as against the first two years of Vodafone Ghana. Inform the current management team of their performance in Ghana as far as Vodafone Ghana is concerned. Serve as a source of secondary data for further research in the area of change in management. 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS The research question for this study will be: What are the effects of Change in Management on the Performance of Vodafone Ghana? The null hypothesis for the study will be: Ho: change in management does not significantly affect performance. The alternative hypothesis for the study will be: H1: change in management significantly affects performance. 1.7 SCOPE AND ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY The research will be grouped into five chapters. The first chapter is Introduction. The introduction will include an overview of the background of the study, the focal point of the statement of the problem, an explanation of the study, key objectives of the study, the reasons for the study, the question and hypothesis. The second chapter will review literature, that is, the theoretical and the empirical. It will explain relevant theories that relate to the subject area as well as give a description of literature that has been practically observed and validated objectively on the subject matter. It will again explain certain terms in the research. The third chapter will present the methodology. It shall give a general description of the design of the work. It will include population and sampling, instrumentation and statistical analysis. The fourth chapter will be results and discussions, where data collected will be analyzed and findings experimented. The fifth chapter will draw conc lusions and give recommendations. LITERATURE REVIEW It is often said that two heads are better than one. Most often than not, we see individuals coming together to undertake projects that cannot be done individually. One of the most known ways is through organization. An organization according to (Robbins Coulter, 1999) is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose. Organizations in trying to accomplish their goals get proper management systems in place. 2.1 THEORETICAL LITERATURE DEFINITION Management is the process of achieving organizational goals by engaging in the four major functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Bartol Martin (1998). Bartol and Martin emphasized on the fact that, it is an ongoing process that begins with planning and ends with controlling. It never ends because the controlling checks if the organization is on the right path as far as the plans (objectives) are concerned and as such, the results serve as input again in the process. Robbins Decenzo (2001) also defined the term management as the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, through and with other people. Like Bartol and Martin, the process in their definition pointed to the four main functions of management. Thus planning, organizing, leading and controlling. However, they believed that managers should not only be able to engage in the four major functions but managers should be able to do that simultaneously as the functions are interrelated and interdependent. Efficiency in their definition means making best use of the resources available. This brings into play the scarcity of the resource which has numerous uses. It is always prudent to minimize waste as much as possible when using these resources. Minimizing waste in the use of resources will lead to high productivity and efficiency. Effectiveness means choosing the right goals, strategies and tasks in a present condition. In essence, effectiveness is doing the right things while efficiency is doing things right. There are two well known ways of achieving efficiency and effectiveness which are; The organization increasing the output with the same level of input. The organization producing the same output with a reduced input level. Koontz Weihrich (1990) also defined management as a process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims. Koontz and Weihrich like Robbins and Decenzo, and Bartol and Martins, believed that managers engage in the main functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. They also believed that management does not necessarily apply to a particular organization but rather, all kinds of organizations. Aside that, they believed that irrespective of the level a manger finds himself he needs to manage. They also underscored efficiency and effectiveness in trying to achieve the set goals. They however, believed that all managers focus on making surplus. This may not be necessarily true as some managers are found managing non-profit making organizations. Most managers in non-profit making organizations normally focus on the well-being and satisfaction of some people rather than making profit. All the stated definitions basically emphasize on management being putting in place the right atmosphere and conditions so that the set goals can be accomplished. All the definitions also highlight the major functions that are performed by managers and the fact that it should be done in an efficient and effective manner. Management is therefore a phenomenon that applies not only to organizations but also the daily lives of individuals. MANAGERS Managers are individuals who are engaged in the combination of the four functions of management to accomplish organizational goals. LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT Managerial jobs in organizations allow for the categorization of managers into three levels. Top Managers: It is the highest level and concerned with creating the organizations goals, overall strategy and operating policies. (Griffin, 1999). According to Rue Byars (2003), Senior management are not involved in the organizations day to day problems, but concentrate on setting the direction of the organization. Jennifer M George (2004), argued that top managers are responsible for the performance of all departments and therefore a cross departmental responsibility. Top managers are responsible for the successes and failures of the organization and most often have their performance scrutinized by the organizations internal and external customers. In Management by Robbins Coulter (1999), top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and policies that affect the organization. Middle Managers: Managers at this level are responsible for the implementations of policies and plan drafted by top management and playing a supervisory role and co-coordinating the activities of the lower-level managers. Griffin (1999). According to Jennifer M. George (2004), middle level managers are responsible for finding the best way to organize human and other resources to achieve the organizational goals. To increase effectiveness, they evaluate the goals that the organization is pursuing and make suggestions to top managers. First Line Managers: The managers at this level are placed at the base of the managerial hierarchy and are often referred to as supervisors. They are responsible for the daily supervision of the non-managerial employees who perform many of the specific activities necessary to produce goods and services. They work in all departments of an organization. Jennifer M. George (2004). Its argued by Griffin (1999), that the common titles held by managers at this level are supervisors, coordination and office managers. These positions are often first held by employees who enter management from the ranks of operating personnel. According to Bartol Martin(1998), first line managers are extremely important to the success of the organization due to the special role of seeing to the day to day activities of the organization. These managers operate at the interface between management and the other work force and due to this can easily find themselves in the middle of conflicting demands. MANAGERIAL SKILLS Due to the validity and difficult nature of a managers job, certain skills are required to successfully carry out the duties and roles of a manager. Research by Robert L. Katz, during the early 1970s identified three essential skills or competencies needed by managers. The importance of these skills varies according to the managers level within the organization. Technical Skills: These are skills that reflect both an understanding of and a proficiency in a specialized field. Bartol Martin (1998). These skills are needed by both first line and middle level managers in their operations. It becomes less important as a manager moves into a higher level of management. However, top managers need some percentage of proficiency. For instance, an accountant must be proficient in the rules and standards of accounting, and be able to help its clients when faced with problems relating to the duties. Robbins Coulter (1999). According to (Bartol Martin, 1998) the technical skills are needed most by first line managers since they are directly involved in the supervision of the technical and professional employees, who are not managers. Middle level managers also need sufficient technical skills to recognize major problems. Top level managers will need some technical skills especially when technology is an important part of the product or service the org anization is offering. Human Skills: These are skills associated with a managers ability to work well with others, both as a member of a group and as a leader who gets things done through others. Bartol Martin (1998). Managers deal with humans and therefore need human skills to function effectively. Robert L. Katz indicated that, human skills are more important at the top level than the lower level. Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their people. How to communicate, motivate, lead and inspire enthusiasm and trust are some good human skills that managers should possess. Robbins Coulter (1999). Bartol Martin (1998) argued that human skills are needed by all the three levels of managers, since they deal with humans, and get things done through them. Managers without sufficient human skills are likely to have problems with internal and external customers. Conceptual Skills: These skills are related to the ability to visualize the organization as a whole, discern interrelationships among organizational parts, and understand how the organization fits into the wider context of the industry, community and world. Bartol Martin (1998). Conceptual skills are needed by managers for effective decision making that will positively affect the organization. Robert L. Katz proposed that these skills become more important as a manager moves into top management position. MANAGEMENT SKILLS AT DIFFERENT HIERARCHICAL LEVELS. SOURCE:BARTOL AND MARTIN, 1998 Griffin (1999) states that, the skills needed by a manager to perform activities go beyond the three skills. Four other skills are expected of a manager. They are; Diagnostic skills Communication skills Decision-making skills Time management skills WHAT MANAGERS ACTUALLY DO. Henry Mintzberg, a management scholar observed the activities of several top managers and discovered the work methods of managers as well as the major roles that they play. EXTENDED MODEL OF THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS. Management scholars Steven J. Carroll and Dennis J. Gillen went beyond the four major functions of management. These functions were used to form basis for the establishment of the managerial process. These management gurus upon their review of major studies on managerial work identified several key elements in the management process. There was the addition of work agenda, work methods and roles fused into the core management functions with a managers knowledge base and key management skills being contributing factors to high performance. WORK METHODS Mintzberg found that in their actual work methods, the managers differed drastically from their popular image as reflective, systematic planners who spend considerable quiet time in their offices poring over formal reports. Bartol Martin (1998). Three of the findings of Mintzberg give the revelation of what high-level managers actually do. UNRELENTING PACE: Managers are very busy people who work from dawn to dusk and are engaged in several activities. BREVITY, VARIETY AND FRAGMENTATION: Managers are very brief in their activities like meetings, attending to telephone calls, addressing the issues subordinates continue to bring to interfere with their work. VERBAL CONTACT AND NETWORKS: Managers prefer verbal communication through either phone conversations or meetings to written communication using memos and formal reports and rely heavily on networks to obtain and transmit information. MANAGERIAL ROLES According to Kreitner (1989), a research was conducted by Henry Mintzberg who concluded on what managers actually do. Mintzberg criticized the traditional functional approach as unrealistic, as they tell little about what managers actually do. Many other authors agree with Mintzberg and believe that the functional approach portrays the management process as far more systematic and rational and less complex than it really is. Mintzberg and his team said that to study managers and to know what they do, it is good to focus on the key roles they play, using a method called structured observation. This method involves recording the activities and correspondence of five top-level executives. Mintzberg identified ten roles he believed are common to managers at all levels. These ten roles are grouped into three categories. They are; Interpersonal Roles: This is the role that involves interpersonal contact with subordinates and peers. Figurehead, Leaders and Liaison are the interpersonal role managers play. Figurehead Role. It represents a symbol of legal authority and involves the performance of certain ceremonial duties like signing documents and receiving visitors. Leader Role. It seeks to motivate workers to get the job properly done Liaison Role. It serves as a link in a horizontal and vertical chain of communication. Informational Role. This is the role that provides information relating to the task. This role is important because information is the lifeblood of organizations, and includes nerves center, dissemination and spokesperson roles. Nerves Centre. It serves as a focal point for non routine information; receiving all type of information. Disseminator. Deals with the transmission of information to subordinates. Spokesperson. Deals with the transmission of selected information to outsiders. Decisional Role. With this role, managers balance competing interests and make choices. It enhances the development and implementation of strategies. The decisional roles are entrepreneurs, disturbance handlers, resource allocators and negotiators. Entrepreneur: Designs and initiates changes in the organization. Disturbance Handler: Takes corrective action in non routine situations. Resource Allocator: Takes decisions on allocation of resources to individuals and units. Negotiators. Participates in negotiation sessions with other parties like vendors and unions to make sure the organizations interest are adequately represented. Jones George (2004) in their book Essentials of Contemporary Management outlined Mintzbergs ten managerial roles. However, information technology has major effects on how managers perform their roles and on the skills they develop to perform the roles effectively. CHANGE The dynamic nature of business organizations naturally brings change. It is imminent for organizations to focus on change with competition increasing both domestically and globally. Companies that were enjoying mono-power are now been faced with competition from all the corners of the world. Bartol Martin (1998) defined change as any alteration in the status quo. They identified innovation to be one of the most applied forms of change. Innovation according to Bartol Martin (1998) is a new idea applied to initiate or improve a process, product or service. Hardly do people (employees) accept management action that endeavors to facilitate change as the existing processes and procedures may be seen consummate. The management of change in an organization has become an area of possible conflicts because of problems of understanding and communication. John Harvey-Jones (1993) stated that, it is impossible to change organizations which do not accept the dangers of their present way of doing things. A managers ability to manage change efficiently in an organization has become an indispensable skill in todays management. FORCES OF CHANGE A variety of forces influence change in an organization. Some of these forces are external whiles others may be developed internally. Recognizing and adapting to internal and external changes can mean the difference between continued success and going out of business. EXTERNAL FORCES All organizations are open systems and they therefore interact with the external environment of which they are part. The following factors may necessitate change: Escalating competition and globalization. Rapid development in new technology and the information age. Increased government regulation pressure. Scarcity of resources. Increased demand for quality. Increased demand for high levels of customer service and satisfaction. INTERNAL FORCES Internal forces for change also develop from a variety of sources. Some of these sources include; Ethical difficulties that arise because of employee behaviors. Decisions that entail changes and innovation. Organizational culture shifts. Reorganization. PROCESS OF CHANGE The process of change is likely to be associated with certain features. Hannagan (2004) in the book, Management Concept and Practices outlined the features as uncertainty about the causes and effect of change, unwillingness to give up existing practices, and awareness of problems in the change process. These characteristics according to Hannagan arose from a natural reaction to; Deny that the change is necessary. Resist any change irrespective of the merits. Avoid changes when they are introduced. Hannagan further suggested that managers should be able to determine the actual causes of change and remain flexible enough in their approach to overcome them in an appropriate manner. In the process of change, it is prudent to consider the degree of interaction between independent variables in the organization. The workers, technology and the organization structure seriously depend on each other and they therefore need to be recognized in the change process. The task of the manager is to direct energy away from feeling of powerlessness and looking backwards and towards seeing the opportunities for the future. This is important because in the process of change, people are likely to be threatened by the future while they need to recognize the dangers in the present position and the opportunities in the new ones. The process may involve denial of the need for change and resistance to it, until the change is able to be explored when opportunities will be discussed and commitment created. Hannagan (2004) outlined that the experience of the feeling of loss can take the following forms; Security: People feel unsecure of their position in the organization and how it will change. Competence: Becoming worried about their ability to carry out new tasks. Relationships: They may feel the familiar contacts will be lost with other employees, with managers and teams and groups. Territory: They may feel uncertain about their work space or job responsibility. Direction: They lose a clear view of where they are going. It is important that the manager reckon that these feelings are part of the transition process. It is the task of management to recognize these sentiments and endeavor to minimize it. This transcends provision of information as workers are not likely to change their behavior simply because they have being told. Change therefore needs to be managed carefully. TRANSITION IN THE CHANGE PROCESS From denial and resistance to exploration and commitment. SOURCE: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES, 4TH EDITION BY TIM HANNAGAN. CHANGE MANAGEMENT It is obvious that a system that is not functioning well needs to be changed. The effectiveness of the change however to the large extent depends on how it is managed. Change aims at moving organization from the current position to place it in a desirable way in which its objectives can easily be accomplished. For the change to achieve its purpose it need to be managed properly. Hannagan (2004) outlined the various steps; Vision: A process of reminding everybody and clarifying to everybody the direction of the organizations. Strategy: Outline how this is to be achieved through the development of objectives and goals. Monitoring change: Progress is measured in order to observe and encourage change. Different strategies are developed and implemented depending on the stage of the change. At the stage of denial, the manager has to provide information and give time in order to explain the information and advocate action. Also at the resistance stage managers have to accept peoples response and encourage support. In the exploration stage, the manager needs to focus on the priority, train people involved in the planning. In the commitment stage of the process, long-term goals are established with emphasis on building team. SOURCE: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES, 4TH EDITION BY TIM HANNAGAN PERFORMANCE People run and steer the affairs of organization. People are the main underpinning for goal setting and objectives accomplishment. The performance of an organization thus depends on the sum total of the performance of its members. Pattanayak (2006). Pattanayak believed that the success of an organization will depend on how it accurately measures performance of its workers. He further argued that the performance of an employee is his resultant behaviors on task which can be observed and measured. Performance refers to the contribution made by an individual in the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Pattanayak (2006). The performance of individuals in an organization is the resultant behavior on task which can be observed and evaluated. Normally organizations assess performance by looking at quantity, time of completion, cost involved and most importantly quality. One way of urging people to work in an organization is giving them feedback on the results of their action. It is important that feedback on both success and failures are provided on regular basis. Most organizations use performance appraisal systems or techniques in trying to provide feedback. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Pattanayak (2006) acknowledged that performance appraisal system provides management an opportunity to recall as well as feedback to people as to how they are doing, so that they can correct their mistakes and acquire new skills. Pattanayak defined performance appraisal as all those procedures used to evaluate the personality, the performance, and the potential of its group members. Performance appraisal techniques used could either be formal or informal. INFORMAL PERFORMANCE APPPRAISAL Pattanayak defined informal performance appraisal as a continuous process of feeding back information to the subordinates about how well they are doing their work in the organizations. Pattanayak believed that it is normally conducted on the day-to-day basis. FORMAL PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Pattanayak argued that formal performance appraisal occurs usually annually on a formalized basis and involves appraise and appraiser in finding answers to the following questions. What performance was set out to be achieved during the period? Has it been achieved? What has been the shortfall and constraints? What are we going to do now? How will we know that we have done it? What kind of feedback can be expected? What assistance can be expected to improve performance? What rewards and opportunities are likely to follow from the performance appraisal? EMPIRICAL LITERATUIRE Change has always been part of organizations. Day in and day out, organization are seen trying to adapt to a changing environment. A study by Agudze, Simon and Sunu on the influence of price on customer loyalty of selected supermarkets in Accra outlined the fact that organizations are affected by change in price. The study revealed that Melcom will lose 42% of its customers if prices should increase (change), at Game it was realised that 62% of their customers will stop buying if prices increase (change), and at Maxmart the survey showed that 50% of their customers will not purchase from the shop if prices should increase. Also on a thesis by Hans-Jà ¼rgen Brà ¼ck on the impact of organisational change management on the success of a Product Lifecycle Management Implementation -an investigation into the Electronics Manufacturing Industry, 59% of the respondents to the eighth questionnaire indicated that productivity is slowed down a little bit in the phase of implementing change, whereas 35% did not realize any negative influence on productivity. However, 6% indicated a significant decrease in productivity. The research also brought out the fact that vision is very important in the change process. The researchers fourth questionnaire focused on vision which half of the respondents indicated that it was very important. Moreover another survey by Natalie L. Petouhoff, PhD, Tamara Chandler, and Beth Montag-Schultz on The Business Impact of Change Management revealed that Organizational Change Management (OCM) programs have significant effect on Returns On Investment (ROI). The survey showed that ROI was 143% percent when an excellent OCM program was implemented. ROI however was 35% when OCM program was poor or there was no OCM program at all. 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The study will be cross sectional as data collected from the field will be used within a short period of time. The study will take a period of nine months to be completed. The purpose of the study shall be descriptive in nature as a gap will be dealt with and employ both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative research will be based on knowledge, views, perceptions, observations and opinions of the effect change in management will have on the performance of Vodafone Ghana. The quantitative research shall also be based on the design and issue of questionnaires to customers, top management and employees to solicit for the objectives of the topic that will be expressed in terms of figures for the study. 3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY The population of interest for the study shall include all employees and customers at Vodafone Ghana. 3.3 SAMPLE FRAME The sample frame for the study will be all Vodafone customers within the age bracket of 20 to 40 years in Accra and selection of employees at Vodafone Head office at Circle. The reason for the chosen sample is due to the fact that, the study seeks to investigate the performance of Vodafone